Examen de práctica 49

Pasaje de lectura 1

Deberías gastar alrededor 20 minutos sobre preguntas 1-13 que se basan en el pasaje de lectura 1.

Tea Times

A. The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today. Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read this. Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of the rituals of hospitality both in the home and in trader society.

B. Originated in China, and in Eastern Asia, tea making and drinking ceremonies have been popular for centuries. Tea was first shipped to North-Western Europe by English and Dutch maritime traders in the sixteenth century. At about the same time, a land mule from the Ear East, via Moscow, to Europe was opened up. Tea also figured in America’s bid for independence from British rule – the Boston Tea Party.

C. As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leaves became available throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways in which tea was drunk changed. The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and the ways in which they were cured are important. People in other cultures added new ingredients besides tea-leaves and hot water. They drank tea with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and cardamom, and herbs such as mint or sage. The variations are endless. Por ejemplo, in Western Sudan on the edge of the Sahara Desert, sesame oil is added to milky tea on cold mornings. In England tea, unlike coffee, acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that promoted health. Indeed, in European and Arab countries as well as in Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health-giving properties. One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten cups a day should be drunk and that up to 50 a 100 daily cups could be consumed safely.

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D. While European coffee houses were frequented by men discussing politics and closing business deals, respectable middle-class women stayed at home and held tea parties. When the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century, poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm. Different grades and blends of tea were sold to suit every pocket.

mi. Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking In Islamic cultures, where drinking alcohol is forbidden, tea and coffee consumption is an integral part of social life. Sin embargo, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognizing the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of tea.

F. Nomadic Bedouin is well known for the traditions of hospitality in the desert. According to Middle Eastern tradition, guests are served both tea and coffee from pots kept ready on the fires of guest tents where men of the family and male visitors gather. Cups of ‘bitter’ cardamom coffee and glasses of sugared tea should be constantly refilled by the host.

GRAMO. For over a thousand years, Arab traders have been bringing Islamic culture, including tea drinking_; to northern and western Africa. Techniques of tea preparation and the ceremony involved have been adapted, in West African countries, such as Senegal and The Gambia, it is fashionable for young men to gather in small groups to brew Chinese ‘gunpowder’ tea. The tea is boiled with large amounts of sugar for a long time.

H. Tea drinking in India remains an integral part of daily life. There, tea made entirely with milk is popular, ‘Chai’ is made by boiling milk and adding tea, sugar and some spices. This form of tea making has crossed the Indian Ocean and is also popular in East Africa, where tea is considered best when it is either very milky or made with water only. Curiously, this ‘milk or water’ formula has been carried over to the preparation of instant coffee, which is served in cafes as either black or sprinkled on a cup of hot milk.

yo. In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in vogue. Todavía, the convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon. Contemporary China, too, remains true to its long tradition. Delegates at conferences and seminars are served tea in cups with lids to keep the infusion hot. The cups are topped up throughout the proceedings. There are as yet no signs of coffee on such occasions.

Preguntas 1-8

Pasaje de lectura 1 has nine paragraphs A-I.

From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.

Write the appropriate numbers i – xiii in boxes 1-8 en tu hoja de respuestas.

List of Headings

i. Diverse drinking methods

ii. Limited objections to drinking tea

III. Today’s continuing tradition – in Britain and China

IV. Tea – a beverage of hospitality

v. An important addition – tea with milk

vi. Tea and alcohol

viii. The everyday beverage in all parts of the world

viii. Tea on the move

ix. African tea

X. The fall in the cost of tea

xi. The value of tea

xii. Tea-drinking in Africa

xiii. Hospitality among the Bedouin

Example Answer

Paragraph F xiii

1 Paragraph A

2 Paragraph B

3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph G

7 Paragraph H

8 Paragraph I

 Preguntas 9-13

Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1.

Usar NO MÁS DE TRES PALABRAS for each answer.

Escribe tus respuestas en los espacios en blanco al lado 9-13 en tu hoja de respuestas.

9 For centuries, both at home and in society, tea has had an important role in…………….

10 Falling tea prices in the nineteenth century meant that people could choose the……………………….of the tea they could afford.

11 Because of it………………….. Seventh-day Adventists do not approve of the drinking of tea.

12 In the desert, one group that is well known for its traditions of hospitality is the………………………..

13 In India,……………………, as well as tea, are added to boiling milk to make ‘chai’.

Pasaje de lectura 2

Deberías gastar alrededor 20 minutos sobre preguntas 14-27 que se basan en el pasaje de lectura 2.

Caveat Scriptor

Let the would-be writer beware! Anyone foolhardy enough to embark on a career as a writer – whether it be an academic treatise, a novel, or even an article – should first read this!

People think that writing as a profession is glamorous; that it is just about sitting down and churning out words on a page, or more likely these days on a computer screen. If only it were! So what exactly does writing a book entail? Being a writer is about managing a galaxy of contradictory feelings: elation, despair, hope, frustration, satisfaction, and depression-and, not all separately! Por supuesto, it also involves carrying out detailed research: primero, to establish whether there is a market for the planned publication, and second, what should be the content of the book. Sometimes, sin embargo, instinct takes the place of market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research, but my experience and knowledge.

Once the publication has been embarked upon, there is a long period of turmoil as the text takes shape. A first draft is rarely the final text of the book. Nearly all books are the result of countless hours of altering and re-ordering chunks of text and deleting the superfluous bits. While some people might think that with new technology the checking and editing process is sped up, the experienced writer would hardly agree. Desafortunadamente, advanced technology now allows the writer the luxury of countless editings; a temptation many writers find hard to resist. So a passage, endlessly re-worked may end up nothing remotely like the original, and completely out of place when compared with the rest of the text.

After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to show the text to other people, friends perhaps, for appraisal. At this stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to publishers, as it may need further fine-tuning of which the author is unaware. Once an agent has been approached and has rejected a draft publication, it is difficult to go and ask for the revamped text to be considered again. It also helps, at this stage, to offer a synopsis of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline if it is a textbook. This acts as a guide for the author, and a general reference for friends and later for agents.

Although it is tempting to send the draft to every possible agent at one time, it is probably unwise. Some agents may reject the publication out of hand, but others may prefer some invaluable advice, for example about the content or the direction to be taken, information such as this may be of use in finally being given a contract by an agent or publisher.

The lucky few taken on by publishers or agents, then have their books subjected to a number of readers, whose job it is to vet a book: deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it stands is acceptable or not. After a book has finally been accepted by a publisher, one of the greatest difficulties for the warrior lies in taking on board the publisher’s alterations to the text. Whilst the overall story and thrust of the book may be acceptable, it will probably have to conform to an in-house style, as regards language, spelling, and punctuation. More seriously, the integrity of the text may be challenged, and this may require radical re-drafting which is usually unpalatable to the author. A book’s creation period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be a tortuous process.

For many writers, the most painful period comes when the text has been accepted, and the writer is waiting for it to be put together for the printer. By this stage, it is not uncommon for the writer to be thoroughly sick of the text.

Abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write, despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.

Preguntas 14-21

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Escribe tus respuestas en los espacios en blanco al lado 14-21 en tu hoja de respuestas.

People often associate writing with 14…………………… But being a writer involves managing conflicting emotions as well as 15……………………… and instinct. Advanced technology, contrary to what might be thought, does not make the 16……………………….faster. When a writer has a draft of the text ready, it is a good idea to have a 17……………………. for friends and agents to look at. If an author is accepted by a publisher, the draft of the book is given to 18……………………. for vetting. 19……………………… are then often made, which are not easy for the writer to agree. Sin embargo, 20…………………..compelling, even though there are 21……………………..

Preguntas 22 y 23

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answers next to questions 22-23 en tu hoja de respuestas.

22 In the planning stages of a book,

A instincts can replace market research.

B market research can replace instinct.

C market research is essential.

D instinct frequently replaces market research.

23 The problem with the use of advanced technology in editing is that

A it becomes different from the original.

B it is unfortunate.

C it is a luxury.

D many writers cannot resist changing the text again and again.

Preguntas 24-27

Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 2.

Usar NO MÁS DE TRES PALABRAS for each answer.

Escribe tus respuestas en los espacios en blanco al lado 24-27 en tu hoja de respuestas.

24 Once a text is finished, the writer needs to get the………………..of other people.

25 Some agents may reject the draft of a book, while others may offer………………………..

26 Apart from the need for a draft to conform to an in-house style, a publisher’s changes to a text may include…………………..

27 The publisher’s alterations to a book are difficult for a writer, as is the………………….as the book grows.

Pasaje de lectura 3

Deberías gastar alrededor 20 minutos sobre preguntas 28-40 que se basan en el pasaje de lectura 3.

Pronunciation And Physiognomy

imagina la escena: you are sitting on the tube and on gets someone you instinctively feel is American. To make sure you ask them the time and fight, pero ¿cómo lo supiste??

A. When we say someone ‘looks American’, tomamos en consideración el vestido, mannerism, and physical appearance. Sin embargo, ya que los americanos no constituyen una sola raza, what exactly is meant by ‘look’? En realidad, one salient feature is a pronounced widening around the jaw – a well-documented phenomenon. Writer Arthur Koestler once remarked that friends of his, whom he had met thirty years after they’ emigrated to the United States, had acquired an ‘American physiognomy’, es decir. una mandíbula ensanchada, an appearance which is also prevalent in the indigenous population. An anthropologist friend of his attributed this to the increased use of the jaw musculature in American enunciation. This ‘change of countenance’ in immigrants had already been observed by the historian M. Fishberg en 1910.

B. Parafraseando al filósofo Emerson, ciertos nacionales, grupos sociales y religiosos, como actores de edad avanzada, presos de larga duración y sacerdotes célibes, to give just a few examples, develop a distinguishing ‘look’, que no es fácil de definir, but readily recognized. Su forma de vida afecta su expresión facial y rasgos físicos., giving the mistaken impression that these traits are of hereditary or ‘racial’ origin. All the factors mentioned above contribute, así como la herencia. But the question of appearance being affected by pronunciation – as in the case of American immigrants including those from other English speaking countries over the course of many years – is of great interest, and calls for further study into the science of voice production. This can only benefit those working in the field of speech therapy, elocución y pronunciación de lenguas extranjeras, y ayudar al alumno desde un punto de vista puramente fisiológico. Naturalmente, the numerous psychological and socio-linguistic factors that inhibit most adult learners of foreign languages from acquiring ‘good’ pronunciation constitute a completely different and no less important issue that requires a separate investigation.

C. The pronunciation of the various forms of English around the world today is affected by the voice being ‘placed’ indifferent, parts of the mouth. We use our Speech organs in certain ways to produce specific sounds, and these muscles have to practice to learn new phonemes. Non-Americans should look in the mirror while repeating ‘I really never heard of poor reward for valour^’ with full use of tile USA retroflex/phoneme, y observe lo que sucede con sus mandíbulas después de tres o cuatro repeticiones.. Imagine the effect of these movements on the jaw muscles after twenty years! This phoneme is one of the most noticeable features of US English and one that non-Americans always exaggerate when mimicking the accent. Asimismo, standard British RP is often parodied, y su gemido de superioridad burlado hasta el punto de levantar la punta de la nariz lo más posible. Not only does this enhance the ‘performance^’, but also begs the question of whether this look is the origin of the expression ‘stuck up’?

mi. Once on a Birmingham bus, un amigo señaló a un compañero de viaje y dijo, ‘That man’s Brummie accent is written all over his face.’ This was from someone who would not normally make crass generalizations. Lo interesante sería establecer si unos labios finos y una cara tensa, prominent chin are a result of the way Midlands English is spoken, or its cause, or a mixture of both. Similarmente, en el caso del Liverpool, one could ask whether the distinctive ‘Scouse accent was a reason for or the frequency of high cheekbones in the local population.

F. When one learns another accent, como en el teatro, por ejemplo, Los entrenadores de voz a menudo recurren a imágenes para ayudar a sus estudiantes a adquirir el sonido distintivo de la pronunciación objetivo.. With ‘Scouse’, the mental aid employed is pushing your cheekbones up in a smile as high as they will go and you have got a very slack mouth full of cotton wool. The sound seems to spring off the sides of your face-outwards and upwards. Para un acento de Belfast, hay que apretar los lados de las mandíbulas hasta que haya tensión máxima, y hablar abriendo los labios lo menos posible, This gives rise to the well-known ‘Ulster jaw’ phenomenon. Aprender australiano implica imaginar las duras experiencias de los primeros occidentales transportados al otro lado del mundo. Cuando se expone al resplandor despiadado y al calor incesante del sol del sur, Instintivamente entrecerramos los ojos y hacemos muecas para protegernos..

GRAMO. Has this contributed to an Australian ‘look’, and affected the way ‘Aussies’ speak English or vice versa? Es un curioso enigma del huevo y la gallina., but perhaps the answer is ultimately irrelevant. Por supuesto, Otros factores afectan la forma en que las personas se ven y suenan., and it would certainly be inaccurate to suggest that all those who speak one form of a language or dialect have a set physiognomy because of their pronunciation patterns. But a large enough number do, y solo por eso vale la pena investigar. que es importante, sin embargo, está estableciendo la pronunciación como uno de los factores que determinan la fisionomía, and gaining a deeper insight into the origins and nature of the sounds of speech And of course, one wonders what ‘look’ one’s own group has!

Preguntas 28-30

Look at the following people (Preguntas 28-30) and the list of statements below.

Match each person with the correct statement.

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-30 en tu hoja de respuestas.

28 Koestler

29 Fish berg

30 emerson

A Americans use their jaw more to enunciate

B immigrants acquire physiognomical features common among the indigenous population

C facial expression and physical features are hereditary

D lifestyle affects physiognomy

E Americans have a broadened jaw

F is friend’s appearance had changed since they moved to the United States.

G the change of countenance was unremarkable

Preguntas 31-36

Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet write

SÍ, si la declaración concuerda con la información del pasaje

NO, si la declaración contradice la información del pasaje

NO DADO, si no hay información sobre la declaración en el pasaje

31 Seguir estudiando la ciencia de la producción de voz costará considerables sumas de dinero.

32 The psychological and socio-linguistic factors that make it difficult for adult learners of foreign languages to gain ‘good’ pronunciation are not as important as other factors.

33 Los órganos del habla son músculos..

34 Los fonemas nuevos son difíciles de aprender..

35 People often make fun of standard British RP.

36 Los rasgos faciales contribuyen a la incomprensibilidad del inglés de Midlands.

 Preguntas 37- 40

Complete each of the following statements (Preguntas 37-40) with the best ending A-I from the box below.

Escribe las letras apropiadas. AI in boxes 37-40 en tu hoja de respuestas

37 Entrenadores de voz

38 The Scouse accent

39 Si nuestra apariencia afecta nuestra forma de hablar o al revés

40 It is important to prove that pronunciation

A can be achieved by using a mental aid.

B es irrelevante.

C vale la pena investigar.

D use images to assist students with the desired pronunciation.

E es el enigma del huevo y la gallina.

F conseguir el objetivo.

G can affect appearance.

H no es tan fácil como uno de Belfast..

te hago sonreir.

respuestas

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Pasaje de lectura 1

Pasaje de lectura 2

Pasaje de lectura 3

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